专题11 阅读理解之说明文

全国（2020-2022）三年中考英语（真题+模拟题）精选分类训练

专题11 阅读理解—说明文

考查点：

1.考查考生阅读、理解、归纳概括、逻辑推理以及对材料的综合评估能力等。

2.考查微技能：细节理解、推理判断、词(组)义猜测、主旨大意、标题归纳、数字计算、写作意图等。

说明文体裁特点：

说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理，传授知识的文体。它通过对实体事物(如产品、自然环境)的解说，或对抽象事理(如原理、定律)的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解；或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识，从而获得有关的知识。

说明文实用性强，它包括广告、说明书、内容提要、规则章程、解说词、科学小品等。

解题技能：

说明文题材涉及科技、社会和文化生活等各个领域。如:介绍科学领域的最新成果、产品工艺流程或使用说明、工程项目的规划、社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物、生物的生存状况、自然或社会现象产生的原因和解决办法、人文地理知识等。

1.细节理解：通过题干的关键词，在文中找到相关信息，仔细对比（尤其是同义词转换），找到正确答案。

2.句意理解：长难句或复杂句型是关键。首先找到句子主干，然后分析重要词语意义（特别是过渡词），最后整体理解句子。

3.段落大意：考生根据字面意思，通过逻辑关系，研究细节，推敲作者的态度，理解文章寓意；一般不出现绝对概念。

4.词义猜测: 考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，这些词或词组往往超出考纲范围。一般利用上下文线索、语法知识、上下文逻辑、构词法和常识等猜测词义。

5.推理判断：在理解表面文字的基础上，作出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层含义，推断出作者没有直接表达出来的态度和观点。

2022年

(一)（2022·广东·中考真题）

Jerry is a world-famous mountain climber. He has climbed many high mountains in the world. Starting in 2015, he and his friends spent two years on an adventure（探险）in South America, covering 7,800 miles. He was even named Adventure of the Year by a famous geography magazine in 2018.

Although Jerry had achieved great success, he didn’t feel fulfilled. He asked himself, “Is it enough to climb the highest mountains? Am I doing something helpful? How can I turn my adventures into something that can help the world?”

Jerry learned that scientists need plants, rocks and water samples（样本）from the places far away to do research. But scientists can’t get there themselves as such places are hard to reach——only the bravest adventurers can make it. Jerry thought himself could do something to help. He then came up with an idea. He set up a team of top adventures to collect samples for scientists. By studying the samples, scientists could know more about the earth and find ways to protect it.

Recently Jerry and his adventurer friends have discovered a special plant life of Mountain Qomolangma. The samples they brought back have helped scientists how plants live in extreme（极端的）conditions.

For Jerry, this kind of adventure is most satisfying. “Such adventures had made us see life in a different way. Now, being the best climber isn’t important for me, what matters is doing something helpful while climbing the mountains. There is still much more we can do.” Jerry said to a newspaper.

1．What is paragraph 1 mainly about?

A．Jerry’s friends. B．Jerry’s achievements.

C．High mountains. D．A geography magazine.

2．What does the underlined word “fulfilled” in paragraph 2 mean?

A．Satisfied. B．Lonely. C．Patient. D．Worried.

3．Why did Jerry set a team of top adventures?

A．To make friends. B．To help scientists.

C．To study plants. D．To train scientists.

4．Jerry’s and his friends’ adventures had changed ________.

A．their hobbies B．their friendship

C．their understanding of life                     D．their living conditions

5．Which can be the best title for the passage?

A．Dangerous Mountains Climbing. B．Important Scientific Discoveries.

C．Plants Found on High Mountains. D．Adventures Turned into Something Greater.

(二)（2022·辽宁辽宁·中考真题）

This is the word “family" written in Chinese “家”. It’s a pictographic character (象形文字). The “宀” looks like the roof (屋顶) of a house, and the “豖” is a pictographic character for “pig”, which is developed from a picture like this:

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